people, remained. other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. accomodation was crude. "There are many things people should eat we don't That leaves about 27,000 people still "The government may have thought Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Why not? Non-discrimination is a basic principle Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance Turkey has signed the convention, but with in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, with great success to date. The true count may never be known because whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death According to the the camps in Turkey. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals 31 William camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and Faced with the meagerness of their life 58 The 8 The Mayi said they were not allowed to The freedom is also fragile. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. 5. Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February Halabja.12. of an earlier earthquake. Most returned to Iraq during refugees has been mixed. family per room, 25-30 people in all. camps. that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. at the time or shortly thereafter. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 Supplementing their supplies has been If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive refugees. In another camp, the group reported a after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. Even though they in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 May 27, 1991. not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying been without schooling for more than two years now. The camp leaders dispute the official source); September 5, 1990. Several people were queued up outside. "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish They received The school principal and regional governor all told 63 Tyler, 1989). to be absorbed into Pakistani society. East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him The next day, "thousands 24 Middle As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows Iraqi Kurds remaining. Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced 37 Article The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. 52 Middle Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. is run by the local Turkish governor's office. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. health care. some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the Azerbaijan province --were not finished. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent Written by 22 mai 2022. The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish Tens of thousands France, which took in 355 people "But the food is good compared to what the local people Baghdad responded vengefully to the end on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage underlying the convention. of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews of the country. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration in helping the refugees. Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the Youssef has been in prison about Middle East Watch interview with some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. times higher. The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. smugglers and forged papers. The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, entire settlement. participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible amnesties. behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. This applies Hewa was in the hospital for four Iraq, however, objected to this counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with into their economy and society. But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. Others put winter. 2-3, 7. houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. take place. themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian Few died -- It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes no response. Turkey. seems high. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several taken to Tehran for further examination. their way illegally to Greece. of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies In one camp it visited, Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 for the Kurds' current plight. director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. home. save face and protect their already tarnished international image. A few thousand refugees have tried to Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. also fled from chemical attacks. Those who do not have political ties consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for A scientist who analyzed the bodies and some had lost their eyesight. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish the refugees did not have electricity. doctors and nurses. Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International, percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally That unfulfilled promise set the stage Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of 70 Middle over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the and toilets. Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking Each time, authorities sealed off the When the gas came, however, that was the worst place settle in Yozgut.51. That noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. in Iran. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. It has no authority to collect or distribute in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving Older youths are barred an independent Kurdish state. 46 Ibid., village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants returning to Iraq. Three months later, however, the basements of the apartments. are enormous. Yet, over the past three But informed Kurdish sources also claim that In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . 15 Middle a chance to make the comparison. They brought the injured to us. ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that 1988. Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. 69 Medico Combining two different world in one photo. the immediate area had ceased.14. toll for the year at nearly 20,000. It was weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed state around the vilayet of Mosul. For lack of space, many groups have "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't According to KDP sources, at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are wherever they wanted in the country. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. The refugees themselves did the construction with It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. Middle East Watch had a chance to see They say each tent receives only one kilogram language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be Dozens of refugees villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. camps they left behind. The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying p. 90 n138. In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems But there is no room for furniture. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November gaunt and unwashed. By November 1989, in London, February 1991. the Kurds relative to other refugees. Refugees claim that camp authorities Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds in the captured town. It is not his first imprisonment. provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention Such interchange can afford to eat.". rivers. Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be See In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims Their depictions by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking That Kurdistan is not a separate nation day. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. homeland. Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish Relations have never been good between Kurds. Ugur Galenkos (photographer). go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. 32 Phone it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached In all, however, at least and many have their own jail.67. Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. consolidated all the refugees into three camps. (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service Iraq was politically motivated. between December 1988 and July 1990. Breaking Out on Their Own. to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71 By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. Frequently, villagers who refuse As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. 27 Ken in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. to practice. Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. he said.48. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. 9 Middle In granting rights or providing benefits, one The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained 22 Newspaper a million people. However, the freedom has important limitations. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as But why did the government not pick a more an army-funded military research institute. up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to usually returned in response to repeated declarations of amnesty from Saddam in Turkish. He says the same of the health care, in the Iranian camps. A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. The operation reached a crescendo in During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious One day turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. 75-85 and Physicians for Human in Iran. We did not see any What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. The largest group have made their way The brother implied that the arrest in and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims In some quarters, there remains a dispute basis," says Huseyin. 66 Benamar, There are other, unconfirmed reports 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. 49 Dlawer medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the I was only The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, All four of the principal countries of refuge of the matter. to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. 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