To what degree do Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, and Indian culture? non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . as well as other partner offers and accept our. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. A quarter said legal immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased. Figure 5 maps respondents states of origin in India. You guys are incredible.1, While some in the media interpreted Bidens off-the-cuff remark as an unfortunate gaffe, others viewed it as affirmation of the growing influence of the Indian American diaspora. 45 Carroll Doherty, Which Party is More to Blame for Political Polarization? Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. 39 This finding holds even if we use a binary measure of Indian American concentration, using a cut-off of two percent of a countrys population; drop outlier counties with unusually high concentrations of Indian Americans; control for the total number of households in a county; and control for a respondents place of birth. We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. Comments. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. We do ask that you be kind. Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. In certain cases, these larger groupings consist of smaller denominations that have been aggregated upward. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. The results are shown in figure 22. 3 Immigration Commission, U.S. Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission 349 (1911) cited in Sherally Munshi, Immigration, Imperialism, and the Legacies of Indian Exclusion, Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 28, no. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share . Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. Fifty-one percent of Democrats say they are somewhat comfortable with Republican friends and 22 percent say they are not comfortable (more than twice the number of Republicans who felt that way about Democrats). Given the relatively small share of Christians in the Indian American community, this suggests that Christmas is celebrated more on cultural than religious grounds. 1) The term "immigrants" (or "foreign born") refers to people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. Relatively few Indian Americans across the board report contacting an elected representative or other government official: 15 percent of U.S.-born citizens, 11 percent of foreign-born citizens, and 9 percent of non-citizens engaged in this class of activities. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations in various states. During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . 11 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, 178. The term net international migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another country minus people moving to another country from that state. The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). The matched cases were weighted to the sampling frames using propensity scores. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. Relative to Muslims, Christians and Hindus are equally likely to self-identify as Indian American (47 percent each versus 32 percent for Muslims), and Hindus are substantially more likely to self-identify as Indian (32 percent versus 17 percent for Christians and 12 percent for Muslims). Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. The largest origin group of refugees was the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Eritrea and Afghanistan. In many ways, the community is often portrayed as the poster child of Americas historic opening to new immigrants whoin ways big and smallhave transformed the country. Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. U.S.-born Indian Americans, however, are more likely to report a social network with a limited number of Indians (stating very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin) or to take the middle ground42 percent of them report that some of their friends are Indian origin, compared to 35 percent of foreign-born respondents.40. One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. Stay up to date with what you want to know. 24/7 Wall St. Report. Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. If one restricts attention to respondents aged twenty-five and older, nearly 80 percent have either a college or postgraduate degree (compared to 73 percent in the overall sample). Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. Twenty-one percent report posting comments about political issues online. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. The IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens; the former category accounts for 77 percent of the survey respondents. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). True False True All rights reserved. The results are displayed in figure 11. How Do Indian Americans View India? Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. Of the over one million foreign born from India in the U.S., over half live in just five states. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. See More by this Creator. Second, given the presence of SCs among some non-Hindu religious groups, it is likely that the absolute number of SCsif not the percentagein the IAAS sample is higher. The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. Homophilythe tendency of individuals to associate with people similar to themselvesis a strong determinant of social networks.41 But which dimensionreligion, region of origin, or castedrives ones associations? Comments. Interestingly, among foreign-born respondents, twice as many men (20 percent) have a spouse of non-Indian origin compared to women (10 percent), but the gap more than disappears among those born in the United States: while 27 percent of men have a spouse of non-Indian origin, this rises to 31 percent among women. The next two largest origin groups are Indian Americans, who account for 21% of the total (4.6 million people), and Filipinos, who account for 19% (or 4.2 million people). 3 (2005): 169187. As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. OCI status effectively functions as a lifetime visa and also grants recipients the ability to live and work in India on a permanent basis. Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. Thirty-seven percent of Congress supporters are somewhat comfortable having friends who support the BJP (identical to the share of BJP supporters who are somewhat comfortable having Congress friends), but just 23 percent say they are very comfortable having BJP supporters as friends (for BJP supporters, the analogous share is 35 percent). 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. But this remains a minority view: 40 percent of Indian Americans do not believe that domestic politics are dividing the Indian diaspora in the United States. Caste has long been a sensitive and controversial issue in discussions about the Indian American community. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. Muslims report the greatest degree of religious discrimination by far (39 percent), followed by Hindus (18 percent), Christians (15 percent), and believers of other faiths (9 percent). View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). Seventy percent state that they strongly or somewhat agree with the statement. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). He is the author of When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics and hosts a weekly Carnegie podcast on Indian politics and policy, Grand Tamasha. The Census Bureau pooled together survey responses from between 2013 and 2017, allowing the bureau's statisticians to publish estimates of how many people in the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia came from various countries. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. 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